Monthly Archives: May 2011

A Drunkard is madde for the present, but a Madde man is drunke alwayes.

…or so said Donald Lupton. In 1632. About the residents of Bethlem, the mental hospital founded by monks in 13th century London. One of the oldest institutions to focus on housing the insane, Bethlem gave us the word Bedlam (until the 19th century it was known mostly for its depraved residents and brutal conditions). Until 1770, it was also a place for Londoners to amuse themselves by touring, and gawking, at the residents…some of which were chained by the neck or leg and naked. One famous resident crowed like a rooster.

A Rake’s Progress,” by William Hogarth, 1735, shows wealthy visitors touring Bedlam and fanning themselves while the mad writhe in the foreground. Fifty years later, a visitor wrote to his priest: “In those days, when Bedlam was open to the cruel curiosity of Holiday ramblers, I have been a visitor there. Though a boy, I was not altogether insensible of the misery of the poor captives, nor destitute of feeling for them. But the Madness of some of them had such a humorous air, and displayed itself in so many whimsical freaks, that it was impossible not to be entertained, at the same time that I was angry with myself with being so.” Other visitors compared the residents to wild beasts, the stench to kennels. By the mid 19th century though, things were improving. The heavy metal restraints were gone. And there was light and air in the wards. And animals. Lots of animals.

The Men’s Ward in 1860, The Illustrated London News. Note the dogs and bird cages. Photo: Bethlem Royal Hospital Museum and Archive

The Women’s Ward in 1860, The Illustrated London News. Note the bird cages in the patients’ hands. Photo: Bethlem Royal Hospital Museum and Archive

While it was likely that there were always animals living at Bethlem (whether they were food animals, rats and mice, cats to keep down the rats and mice, squirrels who lived in nearby trees, horses used for transportation, or city dogs) by the mid 1800s dogs and birds were inside the wards as pets and perhaps an early version of animal-assisted therapy. Whether or not there were any animal residents thought to be mad, I do not know but my initial searches haven’t turned anything up.

Today, Bethlem remains a working hospital treating a range of psychiatric disorders. And while you can (thankfully) no longer tour the wards and taunt the patients, you can visit the Museum and Archives. They have a range of fascinating objects on display…from the key that locked the front gate of the hospital to a selection of art work by previous patients. There is an additional gallery at the hospital, which is also open to the public, and focuses on living artists (treated at the hospital or currently in residence). Called the Bethlem Gallery, it is right now showing the work of a man named Albert and his large-scale drawings of imaginary buildings.

Photos from top: Bethlem Gallery signage; literature on the side of the art therapy studios; Bethlem basketball court; cat mosaic tribute to Bethlem artist Louis Wain.

Thank you to Colin Gale of Bethlem Royal Hospital Museum and Archive and Jason Holt.

Betty

Getting your goat

England’s oldest racecourse is in Chester, a small city a few hours North of London. It’s surrounded by Roman walls. The grass is perfect. There is lots of champagne. And ladies in small feathered hats. And beer. The course is called the Grand Roodee. I’m not sure why, but it does sound grander than calling it a racecourse. I am actually here to attend a conference of the Linnean Society and The Society for the History of Natural History at the Chester Zoo. But the day after the conference ended was raceday and since I have been wanting to find out if the expression “to get your goat” is really about stealing the goat-companions of racehorses the night before they race (in order to make them so frazzled that they falter on the course), I thought I’d stay.



It was “Roman Day” at the racecourse. I was told by a taxi driver that this meant there would be chariots. I didn’t see those but I did see lots of drunk men in togas wanting to show off what was under them. And also gladiators posted at all the entrances, most of whom looked exhausted. The area with all of the people (and horses) who could answer my questions about companion goats, anxiety and racing were extremely off limits. So instead I made friends with a man whose job is to televise the race on jumbo television screens posted around the course (Hi Graham) and he tells me he is going to ask questions on my behalf, in the jockey dining room. In the mean time, there is this Sports Illustrated article “Animal Magnetism: Skittish racehorses tend to calm down when given goats as pets” and I am pretty sure this is also on topic:

In 1907, the New York Times ran this article on Miss Edna Jackson….

ps. Stag Party fellows–here’s that photo I promised you! (right click to download)

Finding Pepper

When I was little I used to watch TV with a scarlet macaw named Pepper. He was smart and chatty. He knew the Mexican hat dance. And could also sing Happy Birthday. He danced. He bobbed and weaved. He liked to crack sunflower seeds. Before I was born he was my parents’ main child. Then they had me. And then they had my brother. For Pepper, my brother Jake was the final insult. He didn’t like becoming third string. I don’t blame him. He started to chase visitors around the house. His screams were blood curdling. His cage was at the end of the hall, where he could observe everyone who came in and left through the front door and most goings on of the family. It also meant that his screams were the first thing people would hear when they walked into the house. I was a kid but I remember seeing adults cringe under the auditory tsunami that was Pepper’s angry voice.

My parents started to think about finding a new home for Pepper. And one day, I remember my mom announcing that he was going to go live at the zoo. We packed him up in a dog crate with a few of his wooden toys and drove to Santa Barbara. I loved the Santa Barbara Zoo, or…I should say I loved the capybara exhibit at the Santa Barbara Zoo. The giant rodents had a muddy, watery area, enclosed by the slimmest of low wooden fences. They felt semi-free and I loved the snorting sounds they made. Pepper was going to live nearby. I was thrilled. For the next few years, on the school trips to the zoo, I was fantastically popular. I could go up to their exhibit, a leafy island called Parrot Garden and sing out “La cucaracha…la cucaracha…” and Pepper would appear, bobbing and weaving, among the crowd of the other, nonplussed, parrots. It was like having a superpower. Sometimes I could get him to sing happy birthday. The other kids looked at me with awe and asked me to talk to the rabbits, the gorillas, the tortoises. I told them my gift only worked with parrots.

Over time, there were no more school trips to the zoo. I left home to go to highschool, then college, then work and graduate school.  Adult life yawned open and swallowed me up. Pepper became an animal lodged firmly in childhood. “I wonder whatever happened to Pepper..” my mom would sometimes say. Truthfully though, I think we didn’t talk about him much because we all felt a little guilty.  We didn’t want to find out that he’d become a serious feather plucker, or died, or stopped dancing. Until recently that is. Last year I announced to my family that I was going to go look for him.

Macaws can live well into their sixties. “Pepper must still be there” I told my mom. I called the zoo. It turned out that for fifteen years, he had been. In Parrot Garden, with a mate he’d chosen for himself named Henny. Pepper, they also told me was a she. Only she wasn’t there anymore. She’d been sold to a safari park in the wine country in Northern California. Henny had not gone with her.

Safari West is some sort of strange African wildlife experience in Santa Rosa. There are tents “imported” from Africa. They have an event called “Wine, Wheels and Warthogs.” How scarlet macaws fit into the African experience I do not know. Perhaps there is an Amazonian extension. But on the phone they wouldn’t tell me whether or not they have Pepper. I am going to have to visit and wander the grounds myself, singing Happy Birthday and the Mexican hat dance…hoping that somewhere, out amongst the warthogs, someone is listening.

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